現(xiàn)在的自動(dòng)變速箱一般都是液力變矩器式自動(dòng)變速箱，也就是俗稱的AT自動(dòng)變速箱。它主要由兩大部分構(gòu)成：① 和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪連接的液力變矩器，② 緊跟在液力變矩器后方的變速機(jī)構(gòu)。液力變矩器一般是由泵輪、定葉輪、渦輪以及鎖止離合器組成的。鎖止離合器的作用是當(dāng)車速超過(guò)一定速度時(shí)，采用鎖止離合器將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速機(jī)構(gòu)直接連接，這樣可以減少燃油消耗。液力變矩器的作用是將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力輸出傳遞到變速機(jī)構(gòu)。它里面充滿了傳動(dòng)油，當(dāng)與動(dòng)力輸入軸相連接的泵輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，它會(huì)通過(guò)傳動(dòng)油帶動(dòng)與輸出軸相連的渦輪一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，從而將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力傳遞出去。其原理就像一把插電的風(fēng)扇能夠帶動(dòng)一把不插電的風(fēng)扇的葉片轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一樣。

　　The current automatic transmissions are generally hydraulic torque converter automatic transmissions, commonly known as AT automatic transmissions. It mainly consists of two parts: ① a hydraulic torque converter connected to the engine flywheel, and ② a transmission mechanism closely following the hydraulic torque converter. A hydraulic torque converter is generally composed of a pump impeller, a fixed impeller, a turbine, and a lock up clutch. The function of the lock up clutch is to directly connect the engine and transmission mechanism when the vehicle speed exceeds a certain speed, which can reduce fuel consumption. The function of a hydraulic torque converter is to transmit the power output of the engine to the transmission mechanism. It is filled with transmission oil, and when the pump wheel connected to the power input shaft rotates, it drives the turbine connected to the output shaft to rotate together through the transmission oil, thereby transmitting engine power. The principle is like a plugged in fan can drive the blades of an unplugged fan to rotate.

　　AT自動(dòng)變速箱每個(gè)檔位都由一組離合片控制，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)變速功能。現(xiàn)在的AT自動(dòng)變速箱采用電磁閥對(duì)離合片進(jìn)行控制，使得系統(tǒng)更簡(jiǎn)單，可靠性更好。AT自動(dòng)變速箱的傳動(dòng)齒輪和手動(dòng)變速箱的傳動(dòng)齒輪并不相同。AT自動(dòng)變速箱采用的是行星齒輪組實(shí)現(xiàn)扭矩的轉(zhuǎn)換。AT自動(dòng)變速箱的換擋控制方式如圖所示。變速箱控制器通過(guò)電信號(hào)控制電磁閥的動(dòng)作，從而改變變速箱油在閥體油道的走向。當(dāng)作用在多片式離合片上的油壓達(dá)到致動(dòng)壓力時(shí)，多片式離合片接合從而促使相應(yīng)的行星齒輪組輸出動(dòng)力。行星齒輪組包括行星架、齒圈以及太陽(yáng)輪。當(dāng)上面提到的三個(gè)部件中的一個(gè)被固定后，動(dòng)力便會(huì)在其他兩個(gè)部件之間傳遞。

　　Each gear of the AT automatic transmission is controlled by a set of clutch plates to achieve the shifting function. The current AT automatic transmission uses solenoid valves to control the clutch plates, making the system simpler and more reliable. The transmission gears of AT automatic transmission and manual transmission are not the same. The AT automatic transmission uses a planetary gear set to convert torque. The shifting control mode of the AT automatic transmission is shown in the figure. The transmission controller controls the action of the solenoid valve through electrical signals, thereby changing the direction of the transmission oil in the valve body passage. When the oil pressure acting on the multi plate clutch plate reaches the actuation pressure, the multi plate clutch plate engages, thereby promoting the corresponding planetary gear set to output power. The planetary gear set includes a planetary carrier, a ring gear, and a sun gear. When one of the three components mentioned above is fixed, power will be transmitted between the other two components.

　　CVT無(wú)級(jí)變速箱的主要部件是兩個(gè)滑輪和一條金屬帶，金屬帶套在兩個(gè)滑輪上。滑輪由兩塊輪盤組成，這兩片輪盤中間的凹槽形成一個(gè)V形，其中一邊的輪盤由液壓控制機(jī)構(gòu)控制，可以視不同的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速，進(jìn)行分開(kāi)與拉近的動(dòng)作，V形凹槽也隨之變寬或變窄，將金屬帶升高或降低，從而改變金屬帶與滑輪接觸的直徑，相當(dāng)于齒輪變速中切換不同直徑的齒輪。兩個(gè)滑輪呈反向調(diào)節(jié)，即其中一個(gè)帶輪凹槽逐漸變寬時(shí)，另一個(gè)帶輪凹槽就會(huì)逐漸變窄，從而迅速加大傳動(dòng)比的變化。

　　The main components of a CVT continuously variable transmission are two pulleys and a metal belt, which is wrapped around the two pulleys. The pulley is composed of two discs, and the groove in the middle of these discs forms a V-shape. One disc on one side is controlled by a hydraulic control mechanism and can be separated or pulled closer according to different engine speeds. The V-shaped groove also widens or narrows accordingly, raising or lowering the metal belt and changing the diameter of the contact between the metal belt and the pulley, which is equivalent to switching gears of different diameters in gear shifting. The two pulleys are adjusted in reverse, that is, when one pulley groove gradually widens, the other pulley groove will gradually narrow, thereby rapidly increasing the change in transmission ratio.

　　當(dāng)汽車慢速行駛時(shí)，可以令主動(dòng)滑輪的凹槽寬度大于被動(dòng)滑輪凹槽，主動(dòng)滑輪的金屬帶圓周半徑小于被動(dòng)滑輪的金屬帶圓周半徑，即小圓帶大圓，因此能傳遞較大的轉(zhuǎn)矩；當(dāng)汽車逐漸轉(zhuǎn)為高速時(shí)，主動(dòng)滑輪的一邊輪盤向內(nèi)靠攏，凹槽寬度變小迫使金屬帶升起，直至最高頂端，而被動(dòng)滑輪的一邊輪盤剛好相反，向外移動(dòng)拉大凹槽寬度迫使金屬帶降下，即主動(dòng)滑輪金屬帶的圓周半徑大于被動(dòng)滑輪金屬帶的圓周半徑，變成大圓帶小圓，因此能保證汽車高速行駛時(shí)的速度要求。

　　When the car is driving at a slow speed, the groove width of the active pulley can be made larger than that of the passive pulley, and the circumference radius of the metal belt of the active pulley is smaller than that of the passive pulley, that is, a small circle with a large circle can transmit a larger torque; As the car gradually turns to high speed, one side of the wheel of the active pulley approaches inward, causing the groove width to decrease and forcing the metal belt to rise until it reaches the highest point. On the other hand, one side of the wheel of the passive pulley moves in the opposite direction, widening the groove width and forcing the metal belt to descend. That is, the circumference radius of the metal belt of the active pulley is greater than that of the metal belt of the passive pulley, becoming a large circle with a small circle, thus ensuring the speed requirements of the car when driving at high speed.

　　手動(dòng)擋汽車在換擋時(shí)，離合器在分離和接合之間存在動(dòng)力傳遞暫時(shí)中斷的現(xiàn)象。這對(duì)于一般的民用車影響不大，但對(duì)于爭(zhēng)分奪秒的賽車來(lái)說(shuō)，會(huì)極大地影響成績(jī)。雙離合變速箱能夠消除換擋時(shí)動(dòng)力傳遞的中斷現(xiàn)象，縮短換擋時(shí)間，同時(shí)換擋更加平順。

　　When a manual transmission car shifts gears, there is a temporary interruption in power transmission between the clutch disengagement and engagement. This has little impact on ordinary civilian cars, but for racing cars that race against time, it will greatly affect performance. The dual clutch transmission can eliminate the interruption of power transmission during shifting, shorten shifting time, and make shifting smoother.

　　下圖是一個(gè)大眾6速DSG雙離合變速箱的工作原理圖。兩個(gè)離合器與變速箱裝配在同一機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)，其中一個(gè)離合器（1）負(fù)責(zé)掛1、3、5和倒擋；另一個(gè)離合器（2）負(fù)責(zé)掛2、4、6擋。當(dāng)駕駛員掛上1擋起步時(shí)，換擋撥叉同時(shí)掛上1擋和2擋，但離合器1結(jié)合，離合器2分離，動(dòng)力通過(guò)1擋的齒輪輸出動(dòng)力，2擋齒輪空轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)駕駛員換到2擋時(shí)，換擋撥叉同時(shí)掛上2擋和3擋，離合器1分離，離合器2結(jié)合，動(dòng)力通過(guò)2擋齒輪輸出，3擋齒輪空轉(zhuǎn)。其余各擋位的切換方式均與此類似，這樣就解決了換擋過(guò)程中動(dòng)力傳輸中斷的問(wèn)題。

　　The following diagram shows the working principle of a Volkswagen 6-speed DSG dual clutch transmission. Two clutches are assembled in the same mechanism as the gearbox, with one clutch (1) responsible for shifting gears 1, 3, 5, and reverse; The other clutch (2) is responsible for shifting gears 2, 4, and 6. When the driver shifts into first gear to start, the shift fork simultaneously shifts into first and second gears, but clutch 1 is engaged and clutch 2 is disengaged. Power is output through the gear of first gear, while the gear of second gear idles. When the driver shifts to 2nd gear, the shift fork simultaneously engages 2nd and 3rd gears, clutch 1 disengages and clutch 2 engages, power is output through the 2nd gear, and the 3rd gear idles. The switching method of the other gears is similar to this, which solves the problem of power transmission interruption during the shifting process.

　　下圖是一個(gè)大眾7速DSG雙離合變速箱的工作原理圖，其工作原理與6速類似。離合器1負(fù)責(zé)控制1、3、5、7擋；離合器2負(fù)責(zé)控制2、4、6和倒檔。

　　The following diagram shows the working principle of a Volkswagen 7-speed DSG dual clutch transmission, which works similarly to a 6-speed transmission. Clutch 1 is responsible for controlling gears 1, 3, 5, and 7; Clutch 2 is responsible for controlling gears 2, 4, 6, and reverse.

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